provinces, with external capitals Alger, Constantine, and Oran. The Polisario (through the Sahrawi Red Crescent Society), UNHCR, WFP, UNICEF, and partner NGOs provided basic services including food aid, primary health care, and primary and secondary education, while the government invested heavily in developing the camps infrastructure and also provided free secondary and university educations, as well as advanced hospital care, to Sahrawi refugees. agriculture: 13.3% (2017 est. The law stipulates a prison sentence of between 10 and 20 years for rape when the victim is a minor. The population of the province, which has an area of 1,102 square kilometers, is 1,002,937 according to 2008 data. The French southward conquest of the entirety of Algeria proceeded throughout the 19th century and was marked by many atrocities. The law prohibits discrimination against persons with disabilities, although the government did not always effectively enforce these provisions. )imports: 531 million kWh (2019 est. The departments were divided into arrondissements, as shown below. Presidential term limits, which were eliminated in 2008, were reintroduced in the 2016 revision of the constitution and limit the president to two five-year terms. The committee brought together various government and civil society actors to discuss implementation of the national strategy to combat HIV/AIDS. The law prohibits discrimination with respect to employment, salary, and work environment based on age, gender, social and marital status, family links, political conviction, disability, national origin and affiliation with a union. In September the Ministry of Communication stated there were 268 accredited written publications. Prison sentences for rape range from five to 10 years, and authorities generally enforced the law. Leaders of womens organizations reported that discrimination was common and women were less likely to receive equal pay for equal work or promotions. According to NADA, while there are fewer cases of reported kidnapping, instances of child abuse and exploitation have increased. Other organizations reported they never received any written response to their application request even after calling the ministry and trying to register at local police stations. The country joined the Human Rights Council in 2014 but continued to deny requests for visits from the UN special rapporteurs on extrajudicial executions (pending since 1998) and counterterrorism and human rights (pending since 2006), the UN Working Group on arbitrary detention (pending since 2009), and the UN Security Council Mali Panel of Experts on Sanctions (since 2016). Pretrial Detention: Prolonged pretrial detention remained a problem. II, United Nations, New Exercise increased caution in Algeria due to terrorism and kidnapping. Some organizations maintained a list of LGBTI-friendly hospitals, and several NGOs operated mobile clinics specifically for vulnerable communities. Advocacy groups reported that children with disabilities rarely attended school past the secondary level. List of Algerian provinces by area This article has been translated from the Unlicensed NGOs remained active, but rarely received government assistance, and citizens at times hesitated to associate with these organizations. Of the daily printed publications, the ministry stated six were state-operated. ), production: 0 metric tons (2020 est. ), municipal solid waste generated annually: 12,378,740 tons (2016 est. The law also stipulates penalties that include imprisonment of two months to two years and fines of DZD 500 to DZD 2,000 ($4.25 to $17) for anyone convicted of having committed a homosexual act. If a minor is involved, the adult may face up to three years imprisonment and a fine of DZD 10,000 ($85). $487.716 billion (2021 est. However, about a decade after independence from France in 1962, the total fertility rate fell dramatically from 7 children per woman in the 1970s to about 2.4 in 2000, slowing Algeria's population growth rate by the late 1980s. The provinces later became divisions. Hydrocarbons have long been the backbone of the economy, accounting for roughly 30% of GDP, 60% of budget revenues, and nearly 95% of export earnings. The subdivisions were to the )arable land: 3.2% (2018 est. The administrative division into departments and territories was based on French practice. Local human rights activists reported that prisoners feared reprisals if they reported abuse by authorities during detention or the interrogation process. During the year, the government deported migrants to Mali. Women faced discrimination in employment. The reversal in fertility could represent a temporary fluctuation in marriage age or, less likely, a decrease in the steady rate of contraceptive use. Some observers, including government-appointed human rights officials, attributed overcrowding in pretrial detention facilities to continued overuse of pretrial detention, despite reforms in 2015 that sought to reduce the practice. change, in 1984, the new subdivisions were called wilayas. Censorship or Content Restrictions: Some major news outlets faced direct and indirect retaliation for criticism of the government. Prescribed penalties under this statute range from three to 20 years imprisonment, which were sufficiently stringent and commensurate with those prescribed for other serious crimes, such as rape. ), number of registered air carriers: 3 (2020)inventory of registered aircraft operated by air carriers: 87annual passenger traffic on registered air carriers: 6,442,442 (2018)annual freight traffic on registered air carriers: 28.28 million (2018) mt-km, total: 67over 3,047 m: 142,438 to 3,047 m: 271,524 to 2,437 m: 18914 to 1,523 m: 6under 914 m: 2 (2021), total: 822,438 to 3,047 m: 21,524 to 2,437 m: 16914 to 1,523 m: 36under 914 m: 28 (2021), 2,600 km condensate, 16,415 km gas, 3,447 km liquid petroleum gas, 7,036 km oil, 144 km refined products (2013), total: 104,000 km (2015)paved: 71,656 km (2015)unpaved: 32,344 km (2015), total: 114by type: bulk carrier 1, container ship 2, general cargo 11, oil tanker 11, other 89 (2021), major seaport(s): Algiers, Annaba, Arzew, Bejaia, Djendjene, Jijel, Mostaganem, Oran, SkikdaLNG terminal(s) (export): Arzew, Bethioua, Skikda, Algerian People's National Army (ANP): Land Forces, Naval Forces (includes Coast Guard), Air Forces, Territorial Air Defense Forces, Republican Guard (under ANP but responsible to the President), National Gendarmerie; Ministry of Interior: General Directorate of National Security (national police) (2022), 5.6% of GDP (2021 est. The law protects union members from discrimination or dismissal based on their union activities. If workers face such conditions, they may renegotiate their contract or, failing that, resort to the courts. [4] The American Oxford Atlas. The constitution provides for the right to a fair trial, but authorities did not always respect legal provisions that protect defendants rights. Also note that diacritical marks may be different, depending on the method of transliteration used. )12.55% (2020 est. ), total: 21% (2020 est. An annex was the area dominated by a fort, and was part of a cercle. The Ministry of Labor conducted inspections and in some cases investigated companies suspected of hiring underage workers. The government may invalidate a unions legal status if authorities perceive its objectives to be contrary to the established institutional system, public order, good morals, law, or regulations in force. The province and its total petroleum system coincide with the Illizi Basin. The law provides for criminal penalties of two to 10 years in prison for official corruption, but the government did not fully implement the law. split from Sada; Relizane split from Mostaganem; Souk Ahras split from Guelma; Tindouf split from Bchar; Tipaza The new Thousands of Algerian peasants - mainly Berber men from the Kabylia region - faced with land dispossession and economic hardship under French rule migrated temporarily to France to work in manufacturing and mining during the first half of the 20th century. For example, female migrants were subjected to debt bondage as they worked to repay smuggling debts through domestic servitude, forced begging, and forced prostitution. 1977-01-12, returning a population of 17,273,000, according to this source. Security forces routinely detained individuals who participated in unauthorized protests. The law on cybercrime establishes procedures for using electronic data in prosecutions and outlines the responsibilities of Internet Service Providers (ISPs) to cooperate with authorities. In 2016 the government created a High Independent Election Monitoring Body, charged with monitoring elections and investigating allegations of irregularities. Police arrested blogger Merzoug Touati in January 2017 on charges stemming from his online publication of an interview with a former Israeli diplomat. which in turn were subdivided into communes. A person released from custody following a dismissal or acquittal may apply to a civil commission to seek compensation from the government for particular and particularly severe harm caused by pretrial detention. important position as a lingua franca, and place names have continued to be written in the Roman alphabet using French The average woman's age at first marriage increased from about 19 in the mid-1950s to 24 in the mid-1970s to 30.5 in the late 1990s. A January 2017 decree by the prime minister clarified the process for the Ministry of Cultures review of imported books, both in print and electronic form. ), fossil fuels: 98.9% of total installed capacity (2020 est. state province algeria. ), general assessment: Algeria has a steadily developing telecom infrastructure with growth encouraged by supportive regulatory measures and by government policies aimed at delivering serviceable internet connections across the country; mobile broadband is largely based on 3G and LTE, and the data rates are also low in global terms; LTE is available in all provinces, investment is required from the mobile network operators (MNOs) to improve the quality of service; the state has previously been hesitant to commit to 5G, instead encouraging the MNOs to undertake upgrades to LTE infrastructure before investing in commercial 5G services; in March 2022, the state is in the process of freeing up the requisite spectrum to enable the MNOs to launch 5G services sometime this year; fixed internet speeds remain slow (2022)domestic: a limited network of fixed-lines with a teledensity of slightly less than 11 telephones per 100 persons has been offset by the rapid increase in mobile-cellular subscribership; mobile-cellular teledensity was approximately 104 telephones per 100 persons in 2020 (2020)international: country code - 213;ALPAL-2 is a submarine telecommunications cable system in the Mediterranean Sea linking Algeria and the Spanish Balearic island of Majorca;ORVAL is a submarine cable to Spain; landing points for the TE North/TGN-Eurasia/SEACOM/SeaMeWe-4 fiber-optic submarine cable system that provides links to Europe, the Middle East, and Asia; MED cable connecting Algeria with France;microwave radio relay to Italy, France, Spain, Morocco, and Tunisia;Algeria part of the 4,500 Km terrestrial Trans Sahara Backbone network which connects to other fiber networks in the region; Alcomstat-1 satellite offering telemedicine network (2020)note: the COVID-19 pandemic continues to have a significant impact on production and supply chains globally; since 2020, some aspects of the telecom sector have experienced a downturn, particularly in mobile device production; progress toward 5G implementation has resumed, as well as upgrades to infrastructure; consumer spending on telecom services has increased due to the surge in demand for capacity and bandwidth; the crucial nature of telecom services as a tool for work and school from home is still evident, and the spike in this area has seen growth opportunities for development of new tools and increased services, state-run Radio-Television Algerienne operates the broadcast media and carries programming in Arabic, Berber dialects, and French; use of satellite dishes is widespread, providing easy access to European and Arab satellite stations; state-run radio operates several national networks and roughly 40 regional radio stations, total: 27,626,157 (2020 est. A coalition of Islamic and secular opposition parties boycotted the election, describing it as a masquerade and asserting that President Bouteflika was unfit to run due to his health. Argel (Portuguese, Spanish); Dzayer, Djezar (variant); (Russian), Annaba: Anaba (Portuguese, Spanish); Bona (Portuguese-obsolete, Spanish-obsolete); Bne (obsolete), Bjaa: Bougie, Bedjaya (French); Bidjaia (variant); Bugia (Italian); Bujia (Portuguese-obsolete), Blida: El Boulada, al-Boulaida (variant), Bordj Bou Arrridj: Bordj Bou Ariridj, Borj Bou Arreridj (variant), Chlef: El Asnam, Orlansville (obsolete); Chelif, Ech Cheliff (variant), Constantine: Constantina (Portuguese, Spanish); Costatina (Italian); Qoussantina, Qacentina (Arabic), El Bayadh: El Bayad, El Beyyadh (variant); Gryville (obsolete), Illizi: Polignac, Fort Polignac (obsolete); Ilizi (variant), Jijel: Djidjel (variant); Djidjelli (obsolete), Oasis: Osis Saharianos (Portuguese); Oasis Sahariennes (variant); Saharan Oases (English), Oran: Orn (Spanish); Orano (Italian); Oro (Portuguese); Ouahran, Ouahrane, Wahran (variant), Oum el Bouaghi: Oum el Bouagui (variant); Canrobert (obsolete), Skikda: Philippeville (obsolete); Skidda (variant), Tamanrasset: Tamanghasset, Tamenghasset, Tamenghest (variant); Fort Laperrine (obsolete), Tlemcen: Tilimsene, Tlemsane, Tilimsen (variant); Tremecm (Portuguese-obsolete). During much The law affirms the religiously based practice of allowing a man to marry as many as four wives. ), improved: urban: 98.3% of populationrural: 91.3% of populationtotal: 96.5% of populationunimproved: urban: 1.7% of populationrural: 8.7% of populationtotal: 3.5% of population (2020 est. The ministry has not confirmed receipt of fine payment. 1902-12-24: Parts of the military territories - the cercles marked with an asterisk (*) above, with minor Many place names were changed. Employees who worked longer than the standard workweek received premium pay on a sliding scale from time-and-a-half to double time, depending on whether the overtime occurred on a normal workday, a weekend, or a holiday. Many Algerians legally entered Tunisia without visas claiming to be tourists and then stayed as workers. ), total: 0.59 liters of pure alcohol (2019 est. The law forbids legal guardians from forcing minors under their care to marry against the minors will. )from coal and metallurgical coke: 352,000 metric tonnes of CO2 (2019 est. 03 / Select Countries You can add more than one country or area. The president serves as the president of the High Judicial Council, which is responsible for the appointment, transfer, promotion, and discipline of judges. The decision to strike must be approved by majority vote of workers at a general meeting. into arrondissements, communes, and districts (civilian commisariats). Hydrocarbon exports enabled Algeria to maintain macroeconomic stability, amass large foreign currency reserves, and maintain low external debt while global oil prices were high. The law limits the grounds for pretrial detention and stipulates that before it can be imposed, a judge must assess the gravity of a crime and whether the accused is a threat to society or a flight risk. There is no official estimate of the poverty income level. The resulting division was as shown below. No new trade unions were registered between January and September, and the government said it did not receive any applications. The remote location of the camps and lack of government presence resulted in a lack of access by police and courts. WebGetentrepreneurial.com: Resources for Small Business Entrepreneurs in 2022. )$10,800 (2020 est. Human Rights Watch, Amnesty International, and other NGOs criticized the governments use of the law to restrict peaceful assembly. Government officials did not take measures specifically to prevent discrimination against LGBTI persons. Strong social stigma towards the vulnerable groups in which HIV/AIDS was most concentratedcommercial sex workers, men who have sexual relations with men, and drug usersdeterred testing of these groups. Foreign observers characterized the elections as largely peaceful but pointed to low voter turnout and a high rate of ballot invalidity. This movement accelerated during World War I, when Algerians filled in for French factory workers or served as soldiers. The law says any firing or other employment action based on discrimination against union members is invalid. Internet users regularly exercised their right to free expression and association online, including through online forums, social media, and email. The ministry has three to six months to review the text, with the absence of a response after that time constituting a rejection of the application. ), total: 19.72 deaths/1,000 live birthsmale: 21.77 deaths/1,000 live birthsfemale: 17.55 deaths/1,000 live births (2022 est. Local and international NGOs asserted that police impunity was a problem. 1956-06-28: The three northern departments of 1955 were restored and given the status of igamies. )110.973 (2017 est. New FIPS The testimony of men and women has equal weight under the law. The standard workweek was 40 hours, including one hour for lunch per day. The borders, except near the Mediterranean coast, Several opposition political parties claimed voter turnout figures were inflated and that the results were fraudulent. The government occasionally offered to mediate disputes. jurisdiction of an igame, which is an acronym for, 1957-01-10: The four territories joined a union called. Family connections and status of the parties involved influenced decisions. 1955-08-07: Bne department formed by taking the eastern arrondissements of Constantine department: Bne The United Nations or Other International Bodies: The government extended an invitation to the UN Working Group on Enforced or Involuntary Disappearances in 2014 and again in 2015, but no visit occurred. Do not travel to: Areas near the eastern and southern borders due to terrorism and kidnapping. 1845-04-24: By ordinance, Algeria was divided into three provinces. By law ISPs face criminal penalties for the material and websites they host, especially if subject matters are incompatible with morality or public opinion. The Ministries of Justice, Interior, and Post, Information Technology, and Communication have oversight responsibilities. , new Exercise increased caution in Algeria due to terrorism and kidnapping 1984 the. And the government did not receive any applications said it did not take measures specifically to prevent discrimination union! Ngos operated mobile clinics specifically for vulnerable communities when Algerians filled in for factory... Respect legal provisions that protect defendants rights any firing or other employment action based on French practice any or! 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