The Atlantic Slave Trade finally came to an end after four hundred years of existence. The last country to ban the Atlantic slave trade was Brazil in 1831. "[41] People living around the Niger River were transported from these markets to the coast and sold at European trading ports in exchange for muskets and manufactured goods such as cloth or alcohol. [202] Abolitionists after 1807 focused on international agreements to abolish the slave trade. [190] In Britain and America, opposition to the trade was led by members of the Religious Society of Friends (Quakers), Thomas Clarkson and establishment Evangelicals such as William Wilberforce in Parliament. Although Kongo later joined a coalition in 1591 to force the Portuguese out, Portugal had secured a foothold on the continent that it continued to occupy until the 20th century. Spread of Culture during the Atlantic slave trade. [20] Historian Pierre Chaunu termed the consequences of European navigation "disenclavement", with it marking an end of isolation for some societies and an increase in inter-societal contact for most others. . [11] These slaves were managed by a factor, who was established on or near the coast to expedite the shipping of slaves to the New World. In 1807, the UK Parliament passed the Bill that abolished the trading of slaves. What were the causes and effects of the Atlantic revolutions? Colony. In: Northrup, David (ed. to get power they needed to fight. With the arrival of a staunchly anti-slavery government in Washington in 1861, the Atlantic slave trade was doomed. [94] This rumour was a common source of significant distress for enslaved Africans. It is the source and the glory of their wealth the mother lulls the child to sleep with notes of triumph over an enemy reduced to slavery [129][130]. As Elikia M'bokolo wrote in Le Monde diplomatique: "The African continent was bled of its human resources via all possible routes. He called it "one of the worst holocausts in human history", and claims arguments to the contrary such as "it was in slave owners' interest to keep slaves alive, not exterminate them" to be "mostly sophistry" stating: "the killing and destruction were intentional, whatever the incentives to preserve survivors of the Atlantic passage for labour exploitation. [107], Europeans would buy and ship slaves to the Western Hemisphere from markets across West Africa. The Guyanese historian Walter Rodney (1972) has argued that it was an unequal relationship, with Africans being forced into a "colonial" trade with the more economically developed Europeans, exchanging raw materials and human resources (i.e. This corruption and depravity are so widespread that our land is entirely depopulated. [172] Thus, as African scholar John Thornton argues, African leaders who allowed the continuation of the slave trade likely derived an economic benefit from selling their subjects to Europeans. In particular, European traders wanted to trade for gold, which could be found in western Africa, and also to find a maritime route to "the Indies" (India), where they could trade for luxury goods such as spices without having to obtain these items from Middle Eastern Islamic traders. [18] In the 15th century, however, new European developments in seafaring technologies resulted in ships being better equipped to deal with the tidal currents, and could begin traversing the Atlantic Ocean; the Portuguese set up a Navigator's School (although there is much debate about whether it existed and if it did, just what it was). Historians have widely debated the nature of the relationship between these African kingdoms and the European traders. According the Treaty of Munster the slave trade was opened for the traditional enemies of Spain, losing a large share of the trade to the Dutch, French and English. It certainly was. From 1750-1900 the Atlantic Revolutions were more similar because they reacted to the oppression of Absolutists governments and their want for popular sovereignty, their need to free themselves from the mercantilist policies and gain their economic autonomy and inspired by enlightened thinking of freedoms of religion, . The demography of the trade involved an absolute loss of population and a large increase in the enslaved population that was retained in Africa. ): Fage, J. D. "Slavery and the Slave Trade in the Context of West African History". The Atlantic slave trade affected more than twelve million African slaves and has left a huge imprint on today's society. However, Drescher's Econocide wraps up its study in 1823, and does not address the majority of the Williams thesis, which covers the decline of the sugar plantations after 1823, the emancipation of the slaves in the 1830s, and the subsequent abolition of sugar duties in the 1840s. [147], As Britain rose in naval power and settled continental North America and some islands of the West Indies, they became the leading slave traders. [194][195][196] All the other states in the United States followed suit, although South Carolina reopened its slave trade in 1803.[197]. Over 45 distinct ethnic groups were taken to the Americas during the trade. [49] In 1571 Portugal, supported by the Kingdom of Kongo, took control of the south-western region of Angola in order to secure its threatened economic interest in the area. The regions of Africa from which these slaves were taken is given in the following table, from the same source. With the exception of Portuguese-controlled Angola, coastal African leaders "generally controlled access to their coasts, and were able to prevent direct enslavement of their subjects and citizens". The Atlantic trade brought new crops to Africa and also more efficient currencies which were adopted by the West African merchants. First, because slavery was (in practice) still beneficial to capitalism, providing not only an influx of capital but also disciplining hardship into workers (a form of "apprenticeship" to the capitalist industrial plant). Unpublished master's dissertation (London: Open University, 2013), pp. [155][156] Captive indigenous opponents, including women and children, were also sold into slavery at a substantial profit, to be transported to West Indies colonies. Web. There were several major causes for the Atlantic slave trade, such as high demand for cheap labour, the growing economies of the European colonial powers and the desire to make money. Slavery was not born of racism: rather, racism was the consequence of slavery. Investors mitigated it by buying small shares of many ships at the same time. The trade ended in 1866, when the last voyage crossed the Atlantic Ocean to Cuba. [21], Historian John Thornton noted, "A number of technical and geographical factors combined to make Europeans the most likely people to explore the Atlantic and develop its commerce". In addition to the depopulation Africa experienced because of the slave trade, African nations were left with severely imbalanced gender ratios, with females comprising up to 65 percent of the population in hard-hit areas such as Angola. El Salvador, Costa Rica, and Florida began their stints in the slave trade in 1541, 1563, and 1581, respectively. In many years, not a single Spanish slave voyage set sail from Africa. The first Atlantic system was the trade of enslaved Africans to, primarily, South American colonies of the Portuguese and Spanish empires. Dysentery was the leading cause of death. [223][224] The scheme was widely rejected by prominent African-American abolitionists such as James Forten[225] and Frederick Douglass. [169] He presented numbers showing that Africa's population stagnated during this period, while those of Europe and Asia grew dramatically. [23], During the first wave of European colonization, although many of the initial Atlantic naval explorations were led by the Iberian conquistadors, members of many European nationalities were involved, including sailors from Spain, Portugal, France, England, the Italian states, and the Netherlands. Cause and Effects of Slave Trade Flashcards | Quizlet. Lord Palmerston and other British foreign ministers continued the Castlereagh policies. They did not wield any influence on the building manufacturing centres of the West. Exporting crops and goods from the New World to Europe often proved to be more profitable than producing them on the European mainland. This intensified effects that were already present amongst its rulers, kinships, kingdoms and in society. The Atlantic slave trade began in 1442 when African captives from the Senegal river were taken to the port of Lagos in southern Portugal and sold as slaves. answer choices. Web. Other items and commodities becoming important in global trade were the tobacco, sugarcane, and cotton crops of the Americas, along with the gold and silver brought from the American continent not only to Europe but elsewhere in the Old World. Inikori also notes that after the suppression of the slave trade Africa's population almost immediately began to rapidly increase, even prior to the introduction of modern medicines. [64][65] In 1672 the Royal Africa Company was founded; in 1674 the New West India Company became deeper involved in slave trade. The most important of those being the Haitian Revolution. Across the Sahara, through the Red Sea, from the Indian Ocean ports and across the Atlantic. Library of Society of Friends Subject Guide: Abolition of the Slave Trade. Such resettlement continued throughout the 19th century, increasing following the deterioration of race relations in the Southern states of the US following Reconstruction in 1877. Conversely, many enslaved Africans were taken from regions of Africa which hosted particularly potent strains of the disease, so the Africans had already developed natural resistance to malaria. At the 2001 World Conference Against Racism in Durban, South Africa, African nations demanded a clear apology for slavery from the former slave-trading countries. Along with this, they also captured native Canary Islanders, the Guanches, to use as slaves both on the Islands and across the Christian Mediterranean. [200], The United States passed its own Act Prohibiting Importation of Slaves the next week (March 2, 1807), although probably without mutual consultation. 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cause and effect of the atlantic slave trade quizlet
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